![]() ![]() This circular space is divided into four quadrants, with a horizontal axis corresponding to valence and a vertical axis corresponding to arousal. An example of dimensional perspective is Russel’s (1980) circumplex model of affect, in which emotions are organized in a circular space. The dimensional perspective suggests that emotions are a continuum of valence (pleasant–unpleasant) and arousal (calm–excited), with each emotion being described as a point in the emotional space. Examples of basic theories are Ekman’s six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) and the Plutchik (1980) model, with eight basic emotions (anger, anticipation, joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, and disgust). ![]() The discrete perspective suggests that emotions are limited to basic categories and each emotion is distinct and separated from another. The distribution of emotions in the emotional space has two major concurrent perspectives: discrete and dimensional (continuous). Emotions can be represented in the emotional space. Although some slight differences are found in these definitions, the convergent point is that an emotional experience is a product of three factors: a subjective experience, physiological changes, and behavioral expressions in response to a situation. Over the years, researchers have offered multiple definitions of emotion. Emotions are complex psychological phenomena that play a key role in interacting with and perceiving the world. ![]()
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